低氧LiF–NdF3熔盐体系阳极过程的电化学行为研究

The oxidation of oxygen ions and the generation of an anode effect at a low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg were discussed in this paper. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry tests were conducted to explore the anodic processes of LiF–NdF₃ melt after a lengthy period of pre-electrolysis purification at 1000°C (during which the oxygen content reduced from 413 to 150 mg/kg). The oxidation process of oxygen ions was found to have two stages: oxidation product adsorption and CO/CO₂ gas evolution. The adsorption stage was controlled by diffusion, whereas the gas evolution was controlled by the electrochemical reaction. In comparison with oxygen content of 413 mg/kg, the decrease in the amplitude of the current at low oxygen content of 150 mg/kg was much gentler during the forward scanning process when the anode effect occurred. Fluorine-ion oxidation peaks that occurred at about 4.2 V vs. Li/Li+ could be clearly observed in the reverse scanning processes, in which fluorine ions were oxidized and perfluorocarbons were produced, which resulted in an anode effect.     

‘Revolutions,philosophical as well as civil’: French chemistry and American science in Samuel Latham Mitchill’s Medical Repository

ABSTRACT

From 1797 to 1801 a controversy played out on the pages of the Medical Repository, the first scientific journal published in the United States. At its centre was the well-known feud between the followers of Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Priestley, the lone supporter of the phlogiston model. The American debate, however, had more than two sides. The Americans chemists, Samuel Latham Mitchill and Benjamin Woodhouse, who rushed to support Priestley did not defend his scientific views. Rather, as citizens of a republic, they defended his right to have them. They also castigated the assertions of the “French chemists,” whose claims that the new chemistry obviated debate seemed unsettlingly similar to the dictatorial ambitions of the French state. Using the Medical Repository, Mitchill and Woodhouse sought a compromise that validated the new chemistry, but united it with a more egalitarian form of discourse. The desired balance eluded them. Priestley proved too stubborn, and as the French Revolution descended into dictatorship and war, Mitchill and Woodhouse came more to realize that truly prising French chemistry from the culture of the revolutionary era. The episode left Mitchill and Woodhouse disillusioned with chemistry and hoping to redirect scientific enthusiasm to more pious ends.     

快速真空变压吸附制氧的排放气充压过程研究

测试了微型制氧吸附剂的平衡吸附特性,在此基础上选出适合快速真空变压吸附制氧的吸附剂. 针对传统的单塔两步快速变压吸附制氧含量低问题,提出了提高产品气氧含量的单塔快速变压吸附制氧的排放气和原料气组合充压流程,并对该流程进行实验研究. 结果表明:在单塔快速真空变压吸附制氧过程中,采用排放气和原料气组合充压流程可以有效提高产品气氧含量. 充压前排放气的压力和氧含量是影响产品气氧含量的关键参数,采取合适的排放气压力和较高氧含量的排放气可获得更高的产品气氧含量. 在吸附和解吸压力分别为240 kPa和60 kPa时,采用排放气和原料气组合充压的快速真空变压吸附流程可获得氧体积分数90%的产品气,其产氧率为325. 08 L·h-1·kg-1 .     

2010年贵州省南部森林生态系统固碳释氧服务功能价值评估

以贵州南部三州为研究区,运用连续生物量转换因子法,基于2010年森林清查小班数据,估算了2010年贵州南部森林植被净生产力,以此为基础,计算了2010年贵州南部森林生态系统固碳释氧价值量。结果显示:2010年,贵州省南部森林生态系统年固碳量861.39×104t C,年释氧量2 306.07×104t,单位面积年固碳量1.95t C/(hm2·a),单位面积年释氧量5.21t/(hm2·a);贵州省南部森林生态系统年固碳价值103.37亿元,年释氧价值230.61亿元,总价值333.98亿元;杨树单位面积固碳释氧价值最强,达到0.86万元/(hm2·a)和1.92万元/(hm2·a);柏木单位面积固碳释氧能力最弱,分别仅有0.10万元/(hm2·a)和0.23万元/(hm2·a);固碳释氧价值在空间上呈现出由西向东递增趋势,这与贵州南部的水热条件分布基本一致。     

氧含量对Ti-35Nb-3.7Zr-1.3Mo-xO合金组织与力学性能的影响

根据d电子设计理论设计了新型亚稳β合金Ti-35Nb-3.7Zr-1.3Mo-x O,研究了氧含量对该合金组织与力学性能的影响.实验结果表明,合金经固溶后主要为β相,其晶粒尺寸随氧含量提高而细化.低氧合金中存在少量α″相,氧元素对水淬α″相的形成具有抑制作用.冷轧后组织仍主要为β相,但因大变形后缺陷增多而结晶度降低.不同氧含量的合金冷轧后分别出现细针α″相、板条状ω相、锯齿孪晶以及应力诱发α″相等特殊组织.冷轧态Ti-35Nb-3.7Zr-1.3Mo-x O合金的抗拉强度、弹性模量和硬度均随氧含量的提高而升高,但塑性变差.氧含量升高0.1%,则抗拉强度增加约100 MPa;氧含量升高0.3%,则维氏硬度升高约为50;弹性模量处于45~75 GPa之间.在氧含量超过0.6%以后,合金塑性明显变差.     

径向流吸附器内部结构对变压吸附制氧效果的影响

建立了两塔径向流变压吸附制氧实验装置,研究了径向流吸附器的气体流动型式、外流道宽度和流道结构对制氧效果的影响。结果表明：对于变压吸附制氧,径向流吸附器采用向心流动最为合适;在实验条件下,外流道宽度减小到13 mm时,氧和氮分离效果最佳;与Z型流道相比,Π型流道结构改善分子筛的利用率,产氧效果最好。     

溶解氧水平对褐牙鲆幼鱼能量代谢和氧化应激的影响研究

【目的】查明溶解氧含量下降对褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼能量代谢及氧化应激的影响。【方法】测定褐牙鲆幼鱼在溶解氧由7.4mg/L下降至0.9mg/L过程中耗氧率、排氨率、氧氮比以及氧化应激指标的变化。【结果】随着溶解氧含量(DO)降低,褐牙鲆幼鱼耗氧率呈"U"型变化,氧氮比呈倒"U"型变化,褐牙鲆幼鱼肌肉中丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,尽管肌肉和肝脏中过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活性有增强的趋势,但由于体内产生过多的活性氧自由基,使得脂质过氧化反应增强,脂质过氧化物增多,机体仍表现出氧化损伤。【结论】褐牙鲆幼鱼的能量代谢指标和部分氧化应激指标对溶解氧含量下降有明显反应,可作为判断溶解氧含量是否对褐牙鲆产生胁迫及调控养殖水体溶解氧含量的依据。     

溶解氧含量变动对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长及其相关生化指标的影响

【目的】以褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼为对象,研究其在不同溶解氧条件下的生长及生长指标的变化,探讨褐牙鲆幼鱼血浆激素的内分泌调节机制,为深入研究鱼类适应溶解氧变动环境的机制提供资料。【方法】采用实验生理生态学方法,研究水体溶解氧含量变动对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长、生长激素GH的分泌、类胰岛素生长因子IGF?Ⅰ的分泌、RNA/DNA比值以及糖原含量的影响。【结果】低溶氧(2mg/L-S2、4mg/LS4)胁迫的10d内,褐牙鲆幼鱼生长受到明显抑制,但低溶氧胁迫导致的生长减缓可在溶解氧含量恢复至对照组(7.5mg/L-S7.5)水平后10d内获得完全补偿。胁迫期间,血浆GH和IGF?Ⅰ的含量在不同处理组间没有显著差异,在恢复的第10天,S7.5的GH含量显著高于S2及S4,其他不同处理组的血浆GH和IGF?Ⅰ含量未出现显著差异。胁迫和恢复期间不同处理组的肝脏RNA/DNA比值均未出现显著差异。低溶氧处理的肌肉RNA/DNA比值在胁迫期间显著低于对照组,但在恢复生长的第20天显著高于对照组。胁迫结束时,低溶氧处理的肝糖原含量显著低于对照组,而在恢复期间的第10天和20天时高于对照组,随后恢复至对照组水平。不同处理组的肌糖原含量在胁迫和恢复期间均未出现显著差异。在恢复阶段的第10天,GH含量出现显著差异,其含量与生长速率呈负相关关系,而RNA/DNA含量在实验期间与褐牙鲆幼鱼的生长未表现出明显相关性。【结论】受短期低氧胁迫的褐牙鲆幼鱼能够在恢复正常溶氧后短期内获得完全补偿生长,但相关生化指标未表现出与生长变化的显著相关性。     

合川盐井溪嘉陵江组第二段盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩的碳氧同位素组成

以四川盆地东部合川盐井溪剖面三叠系嘉陵江组第二段的盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩为重点研究对象,在薄片观察、阴极发光和元素分析的基础上,探讨了盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩和相邻地层中微晶灰岩、微晶白云岩的元素地球化学特征和碳、氧同位素组成。研究表明:盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩锰、锶的质量分数和δ~(13) C、δ~(18) O平均值分别为268×10~(-6)、120×10~(-6)、-5.80‰和-8.97‰,微晶灰岩锰、锶的质量分数和δ~(13) C、δ~(18) O平均值分别为142×10~(-6)、767×10~(-6)、-1.60‰和~(-6).31‰。与相邻地层的微晶灰岩相比,盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩具有较高的锰含量、较低的锶含量、较负的碳、氧同位素组成,显示盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩的地球化学特征代表了表生成岩环境,其碳源主要与近地表大气水环境的CO_2有关,并可能掺和细菌硫酸盐还原作用产生的CO_2,氧除与近地表大气水有关外,并可能继承了硫酸盐中的氧;微晶灰岩则对海水地球化学信息具有更好的代表性。相邻地层微晶白云岩的锰、锶的质量分数和δ~(13) C、δ~(18) O平均值分别为291×10~(-6)、98×10~(-6)、-0.30‰和-4.23‰,具有和盐溶角砾岩-次生灰岩类似的锰、锶含量和较正的碳、氧同位素组成,碳同位素可能较好地代表了同期海水,氧同位素则代表了蒸发海水。